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(task) The Strait of Hormuz: Tensions rise between Iran and the U.S.
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https://graphics.reuters.com/MIDEAST-ATTACKS-HORMUZ/0100B04806Y/index.html
The Strait of Hormuz: Tensions rise between Iran and the U.S.
Sentinel satellite imageshows a plume of smokecoming from the Front Altairtanker in the Gulf of Omanon June 13
TURKEYSYRIALEBANONISRAELJORDANIRANIn yellow, gas and oil tankerspositions recorded in the Gulfarea from June 12 to 19.Suez CanalIRAQKUWAITStrait of HormuzAttacks to theSaudi pipelineinfrastructureBAHRAINQATARUAEAttacksto tankersin the Gulfof OmanSAUDI ARABIAOMANRed SeaYEMENERITREAMaritimeBoundariesBab al-MandebDJIBOUTIETHIOPIASOMALIASOUTH SUDAN
KhargBushehrIRANAssaluyehBandar AbbasStrait ofHormuzOn June 12, fourtankers wereattacked near thestrait.Al HiddBAHRAINRasLaffanFujairahQATARMesaieedOn May 12, fourtankers wereattacked off Fujairahcoast, a terminal of thecrude pipeline fromAbu Dhabi’sHabshan oilfieldsRuwaisUAEOMAN
IRANHormuz IslandQueshm IslandOn June 20,a U.S. Global Hawkmilitary drone wasdowned by an Iraniansurface-to-air missile.Straitof HormuzIranianterritorial watersBoth countriesdispute the positionof the drone whenit was downed.OMANIn Iranianairspace,accordingto IranDrone was ininternationalairspace,accordingto U.S.In red, locationof tankers attacked.UAEGulf of OmanOMANTHE STRAIT OF HORMUZ
Tensions rise in the world’s most strategic oil chokepoint
June 27, 2019
Attacks on cargo vessels in the Strait of Hormuz, the shipping lane that carries about a fifth of the world’s oil, have raised concerns about how disruptive a conflict in the Gulf could be for the global oil trade.
The strait has been at the heart of regional tensions for decades, and recently attacks have occurred near the strait and targeted alternative routes for oil bypassing Hormuz.
U.S. President Donald Trump blamed Iran for the June 12 attacks on two oil tankers at the entrance to the Gulf despite Tehran’s denials, stoking fears of a confrontation in the vital oil shipping route.
A month later three Iranian vessels tried to block the passage of a BP-operated tanker through the Strait of Hormuz.
Recent attacks on the narrow waterway have fueled tensions between longtime foes Iran and the United States. Tensions spiked between Tehran and Washington after Iran downed a U.S. military drone that it said was flying over one of its southern provinces on the Gulf. Washington said the drone was shot down over international waters.
Vital gateway to the oil industry
The steady flow of Gulf oil shipments to Europe, the United States and Asia through the narrow strait has created the world’s largest oil transit chokepoint, with an estimated 18.5 million barrels of oil moved per day in 2016.
On June 17, Iran’s military denied U.S. accusations that it was behind the recent attacks on tankers in the Gulf of Oman, and said if it decided to block the Strait of Hormuz, it would do so publicly.
Million of barrelsof oil moved per day,2016 dataDanish Straits3.2Bosporus2.4Strait of Hormuz18.5Suez Canal and Sumed pipeline5.5Panama CanalStrait of Malacca0.9Main maritimeroutes16Bab al-Mandeb4.85.8Cape of Good HopeThe volume of oil transported through three chokepoints around the Arabian peninsula - Hormuz, plus two other critical sea lanes, the Strait of Bab al-Mandeb and the Suez Canal - accounts for more than half of the total crude transported through major maritime passages globally.
201120122013201420152016Volume of crude oil and petroleum products transported through world chokepoints
24.124.92526.427.128.8Bab al-MandebSuezMillion barrels per dayHormuzARABIAN PENINSULAOTHERMalaccaCape of Good HopeNote: Data for Panama Canal are by fiscal year.Danish straitsTurkish straitsPanama25.92727.326.927.228.3ATTACKS TARGET OIL ROUTES THAT BYPASS STRAITThe UAE and Saudi Arabia have sought to find ways to bypass the Strait of Hormuz, including by building more oil pipelines. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, however, potential alternatives to the strait are not operational.
On May 12, four vessels were sabotaged near the UAE port of Fujairah. On May 14, Yemen’s Iranian-aligned Houthi militia attacked a major East-West oil pipeline in Saudi Arabia with explosive-laden drones. Both attacks targeted alternative routes for oil bypassing Hormuz. Fujairah is a terminal for the crude pipeline from Abu Dhabi’s Habshan oilfields. The Saudi East-West line takes crude from eastern fields to Yanbu port, north of Bab al-Mandeb.
IraqKuwaitPotential capacityof pipelines vs actualdaily flow through the straitIranGulfStrait of Hormuz18.5 Million barrels daySaudiArabiaPetroline pipeline 4.8
Thickness of arrows represent the capacity of the only three pipelines able to bypass the maritime gateway of Hormuz vs. the Strait’s actual flow.MediterraneanSeaBahrainAbqaiq-Yanbu pipeline 0.3QatarUAEArabian SeaAbu DhabiCrude Oil Pipeline1.5Red SeaOmanYemen
Rhetorics of war
Attacks on tankers and pipeline infrastructure in the Gulf started weeks after Washington designated Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) a terrorist group on April 8, and a series of other steps were taken by the U.S. administration to block Iran trade activity.
The United States has repeatedly accused Iran of being involved in these attacks, but Tehran has denied the charges.
After the attacks on two tankers in the Gulf of Oman on June 13, the U.S. military released images it said showed the IRGC removing an unexploded limpet mine from a Japanese-owned tanker.
The United States also displayed limpet mine fragments it said came from the attack and said the ordnance looked Iranian in origin.
U.S. military images taken June 13 showing personnel that the Pentagon says are members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy removing an unexploded limpet mine from M/T Kokuka Courageous, a Japanese-owned commercial tanker. U.S. Navy/Handout via REUTERS
Days after the images were released, Iran shot down a U.S. military drone it said was on a spy mission over its territory but Washington said the aircraft was targeted in international air space in “an unprovoked attack.”
Map distributed by the U.S. Pentagon showing the path of the drone shot down over international waters.
The purported wreckage of the American drone is seen displayed by the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) in Tehran on June 21. A map in the background illustrates the path of the drone over Iran’s territorial waters.
After the drone incident, U.S. President Donald Trump called off a retaliatory air strike minutes before it was launched. It would have been the first time the United States had bombed Iran in decades of hostility. On Monday, Trump signed an executive order imposing sanctions against Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and other senior Iranian figures.
Relations between Washington and Tehran have deteriorated since Trump withdrew last year from a 2015 nuclear deal between Iran and world powers, and reimposed and extended sanctions to throttle Iran’s vital oil trade. Iran retaliated earlier this week with a threat to breach the limits on its nuclear activities imposed by the deal.
U.S. MILITARY BUILD UP IN REGIONTraditional U.S. allies in the Middle East include Saudi Arabia, Israel, Oman, Kuwait and Bahrain, where the U.S. Navy’s Fifth Fleet is based.
In May, Washington announced the deployment of 1,500 more soldiers in the region. Official sources told Reuters the figure would be higher.
During the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s, both Iran and Iraq attacked tankers and merchant ships in the Gulf, which drew the United States into the conflict. Iran learned lessons from that period, which became known as the “Tanker War,” and now has many more tools at its disposal such as mines and speed boats to block the strait, military analysts say.
Main U.S. militaryfacilities in the GulfregionAl Salem Air BaseAfghanistanAhmed Al Jaber Air BaseCamp ArifjanKuwaitIranBahrainPakistanU.S. Fifth Fleet naval baseStraitof HormuzShaykh Isa Air BaseQatarAl Udeid Air BaseSaudi ArabiaGulf of OmanEskan VillageMuscatUAEAl Dhafra Air BaseArabian SeaOmanMasirah200 kmThumraitYemen
Proxy influences
The heightened tensions of late have also stoked concerns about increasing bloodshed in countries where Iran and Saudi Arabia are locked in a battle for regional supremacy. Both countries fund and train proxy groups — in some cases political, in others military — in Bahrain, Iraq, Lebanon, Qatar, Syria and Yemen.
LebanonSupported anti-Hezbollah parties after former Prime Minister Rafik al-Hariri was assassinated, though Saudi financial backing has since dried up.Its Revolutionary Guards founded Hezbollah in 1982 to export the Iranian revolution to Lebanon.YemenSupports the government and leads a military coalition which has launched thousands of air strikes in Yemen.Denies training and arming a rebel militia, the Houthis, and supplying them with missiles that were fired at targets inside Saudi Arabia.SyriaWas a major backer of the armed rebellion against President Bashar al-Assad.Has sent military advisers and mobilised Shi’ite and Iraqi militia in support of government.SaudiArabiaIranIraqIs trying to gain influence over Iraq's government and to improve relations with promises of investment after decades of tensions.Has vast influence there, arming, training and financing Shi’ite militias and maintaining close ties to top politicians.QatarHas severed diplomatic and transport ties, along with the United Arab Emirates, Egypt and Bahrain.Shares the world’s largest gas field with Qatar.BahrainDenies being behind attacks on security services, although admits supporting opposition groups seeking greater rights for Bahrain’s Shi’ites.Helped quell an uprising by some in Bahrain’s Shi’ite majority in 2011.Top images: ISNA/Handout via REUTERS; European Union’s Copernicus Sentinel data/via REUTERS
Sources: Reuters; Refinitiv; U.S. Energy Information Administration; U.S. Government; 2019 Index of U.S. Military Strength, Heritage Foundation; Iran’s foreign ministry; Flanders Marine Institute via MarineRegions.org; United Nations; Natural Earth; Maps4News
By Samuel Granados
Visual editing by Michael Ovaska
Additional work by Lea Desrayaud, Wen Foo
Additional reporting by Bozorgmehr Sharafedin Nouri, Michael Georgy, Aziz El Yaakoubi, Ahmad Ghaddar, Parisa Hafezi
REUTERS GRAPHICS
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