(task) The Strait of Hormuz: Tensions rise between Iran and the U.S.

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https://graphics.reuters.com/MIDEAST-ATTACKS-HORMUZ/0100B04806Y/index.html



The Strait of Hormuz: Tensions rise between Iran and the U.S.


Sentinel satellite image
shows a plume of smoke
coming from the Front Altair
tanker in the Gulf of Oman
on June 13

TURKEY
SYRIA
LEBANON
ISRAEL
JORDAN
IRAN
In yellow, gas and oil tankers
positions recorded in the Gulf
area from June 12 to 19.
Suez Canal
IRAQ
KUWAIT
Strait of Hormuz
Attacks to the
Saudi pipeline
infrastructure
BAHRAIN
QATAR
UAE
Attacks
to tankers
in the Gulf
of Oman
SAUDI ARABIA
OMAN
Red Sea
YEMEN
ERITREA
Maritime
Boundaries
Bab al-Mandeb
DJIBOUTI
ETHIOPIA
SOMALIA
SOUTH SUDAN

Kharg
Bushehr
IRAN
Assaluyeh
Bandar Abbas
Strait of
Hormuz
On June 12, four
tankers were
attacked near the
strait.
Al Hidd
BAHRAIN
Ras
Laffan
Fujairah
QATAR
Mesaieed
On May 12, four
tankers were
attacked off Fujairah
coast, a terminal of the
crude pipeline from
Abu Dhabi’s
Habshan oilfields
Ruwais
UAE
OMAN

IRAN
Hormuz Island
Queshm Island
On June 20,
a U.S. Global Hawk
military drone was
downed by an Iranian
surface-to-air missile.
Strait
of Hormuz
Iranian
territorial waters
Both countries
dispute the position
of the drone when
it was downed.
OMAN
In Iranian
airspace,
according
to Iran
Drone was in
international
airspace,
according
to U.S.
In red, location
of tankers attacked.
UAE
Gulf of Oman
OMAN

THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ

Tensions rise in the world’s most strategic oil chokepoint

June 27, 2019

Attacks on cargo vessels in the Strait of Hormuz, the shipping lane that carries about a fifth of the world’s oil, have raised concerns about how disruptive a conflict in the Gulf could be for the global oil trade.

The strait has been at the heart of regional tensions for decades, and recently attacks have occurred near the strait and targeted alternative routes for oil bypassing Hormuz.

U.S. President Donald Trump blamed Iran for the June 12 attacks on two oil tankers at the entrance to the Gulf despite Tehran’s denials, stoking fears of a confrontation in the vital oil shipping route. 

A month later three Iranian vessels tried to block the passage of a BP-operated tanker through the Strait of Hormuz. 

Recent attacks on the narrow waterway have fueled tensions between longtime foes Iran and the United States. Tensions spiked between Tehran and Washington after Iran downed a U.S. military drone that it said was flying over one of its southern provinces on the Gulf. Washington said the drone was shot down over international waters.



Vital gateway to the oil industry

The steady flow of Gulf oil shipments to Europe, the United States and Asia through the narrow strait has created the world’s largest oil transit chokepoint, with an estimated 18.5 million barrels of oil moved per day in 2016.

On June 17, Iran’s military denied U.S. accusations that it was behind the recent attacks on tankers in the Gulf of Oman, and said if it decided to block the Strait of Hormuz, it would do so publicly.


Million of barrels
of oil moved per day,
2016 data
Danish Straits
3.2
Bosporus
2.4
Strait of Hormuz
18.5
Suez Canal and Sumed pipeline
5.5
Panama Canal
Strait of Malacca
0.9
Main maritime
routes
16
Bab al-Mandeb
4.8
5.8
Cape of Good Hope

The volume of oil transported through three chokepoints around the Arabian peninsula - Hormuz, plus two other critical sea lanes, the Strait of Bab al-Mandeb and the Suez Canal - accounts for more than half of the total crude transported through major maritime passages globally.


2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Volume of crude oil and petroleum products transported through world chokepoints

 

24.1
24.9
25
26.4
27.1
28.8
Bab al-Mandeb
Suez
Million barrels per day
Hormuz
ARABIAN PENINSULA
OTHER
Malacca
Cape of Good Hope
Note: Data for Panama Canal are by fiscal year.
Danish straits
Turkish straits
Panama
25.9
27
27.3
26.9
27.2
28.3
ATTACKS TARGET OIL ROUTES THAT BYPASS STRAIT

The UAE and Saudi Arabia have sought to find ways to bypass the Strait of Hormuz, including by building more oil pipelines. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, however, potential alternatives to the strait are not operational.

On May 12, four vessels were sabotaged near the UAE port of Fujairah. On May 14, Yemen’s Iranian-aligned Houthi militia attacked a major East-West oil pipeline in Saudi Arabia with explosive-laden drones. Both attacks targeted alternative routes for oil bypassing Hormuz. Fujairah is a terminal for the crude pipeline from Abu Dhabi’s Habshan oilfields. The Saudi East-West line takes crude from eastern fields to Yanbu port, north of Bab al-Mandeb.


Iraq
Kuwait
Potential capacity
of pipelines vs actual
daily flow through the strait
Iran
Gulf
Strait of Hormuz
18.5 Million barrels day
Saudi
Arabia
Petroline pipeline 4.8

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thickness of arrows represent the capacity of the only three pipelines able to bypass the maritime gateway of Hormuz vs. the Strait’s actual flow.
Mediterranean
Sea
Bahrain
Abqaiq-Yanbu pipeline 0.3
Qatar
UAE
Arabian Sea
Abu Dhabi
Crude Oil Pipeline
1.5
Red Sea
Oman
Yemen

Rhetorics of war

Attacks on tankers and pipeline infrastructure in the Gulf started weeks after Washington designated Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) a terrorist group on April 8, and a series of other steps were taken by the U.S. administration to block Iran trade activity.

The United States has repeatedly accused Iran of being involved in these attacks, but Tehran has denied the charges.

After the attacks on two tankers in the Gulf of Oman on June 13, the U.S. military released images it said showed the IRGC removing an unexploded limpet mine from a Japanese-owned tanker.

The United States also displayed limpet mine fragments it said came from the attack and said the ordnance looked Iranian in origin.


U.S. military images taken June 13 showing personnel that the Pentagon says are members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy removing an unexploded limpet mine from M/T Kokuka Courageous, a Japanese-owned commercial tanker. U.S. Navy/Handout via REUTERS

Days after the images were released, Iran shot down a U.S. military drone it said was on a spy mission over its territory but Washington said the aircraft was targeted in international air space in “an unprovoked attack.”


Map distributed by the U.S. Pentagon showing the path of the drone shot down over international waters.


The purported wreckage of the American drone is seen displayed by the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) in Tehran on June 21. A map in the background illustrates the path of the drone over Iran’s territorial waters.

After the drone incident, U.S. President Donald Trump called off a retaliatory air strike minutes before it was launched. It would have been the first time the United States had bombed Iran in decades of hostility. On Monday, Trump signed an executive order imposing sanctions against Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and other senior Iranian figures.

Relations between Washington and Tehran have deteriorated since Trump withdrew last year from a 2015 nuclear deal between Iran and world powers, and reimposed and extended sanctions to throttle Iran’s vital oil trade. Iran retaliated earlier this week with a threat to breach the limits on its nuclear activities imposed by the deal.

U.S. MILITARY BUILD UP IN REGION

Traditional U.S. allies in the Middle East include Saudi Arabia, Israel, Oman, Kuwait and Bahrain, where the U.S. Navy’s Fifth Fleet is based.

In May, Washington announced the deployment of 1,500 more soldiers in the region. Official sources told Reuters the figure would be higher.

During the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s, both Iran and Iraq attacked tankers and merchant ships in the Gulf, which drew the United States into the conflict. Iran learned lessons from that period, which became known as the “Tanker War,” and now has many more tools at its disposal such as mines and speed boats to block the strait, military analysts say.


Main U.S. military
facilities in the Gulf
region
Al Salem Air Base
Afghanistan
Ahmed Al Jaber Air Base
Camp Arifjan
Kuwait
Iran
Bahrain
Pakistan
U.S. Fifth Fleet naval base
Strait
of Hormuz
Shaykh Isa Air Base
Qatar
Al Udeid Air Base
Saudi Arabia
Gulf of Oman
Eskan Village
Muscat
UAE
Al Dhafra Air Base
Arabian Sea
Oman
Masirah
200 km
Thumrait
Yemen

Proxy influences

The heightened tensions of late have also stoked concerns about increasing bloodshed in countries where Iran and Saudi Arabia are locked in a battle for regional supremacy. Both countries fund and train proxy groups — in some cases political, in others military — in Bahrain, Iraq, Lebanon, Qatar, Syria and Yemen.


Lebanon
Supported anti-Hezbollah parties after former Prime Minister Rafik al-Hariri was assassinated, though Saudi financial backing has since dried up.
Its Revolutionary Guards founded Hezbollah in 1982 to export the Iranian revolution to Lebanon.
Yemen
Supports the government and leads a military coalition which has launched thousands of air strikes in Yemen.
Denies training and arming a rebel militia, the Houthis, and supplying them with missiles that were fired at targets inside Saudi Arabia.
Syria
Was a major backer of the armed rebellion against President Bashar al-Assad.
Has sent military advisers and mobilised Shi’ite and Iraqi militia in support of government.
Saudi
Arabia
Iran
Iraq
Is trying to gain influence over Iraq's government and to improve relations with promises of investment after decades of tensions.
Has vast influence there, arming, training and financing Shi’ite militias and maintaining close ties to top politicians.
Qatar
Has severed diplomatic and transport ties, along with the United Arab Emirates, Egypt and Bahrain.
Shares the world’s largest gas field with Qatar.
Bahrain
Denies being behind attacks on security services, although admits supporting opposition groups seeking greater rights for Bahrain’s Shi’ites.
Helped quell an uprising by some in Bahrain’s Shi’ite majority in 2011.

Top images: ISNA/Handout via REUTERS; European Union’s Copernicus Sentinel data/via REUTERS

Sources: Reuters; Refinitiv; U.S. Energy Information Administration; U.S. Government; 2019 Index of U.S. Military Strength, Heritage Foundation; Iran’s foreign ministry; Flanders Marine Institute via MarineRegions.org; United Nations; Natural Earth; Maps4News

By Samuel Granados
Visual editing by Michael Ovaska
Additional work by Lea Desrayaud, Wen Foo
Additional reporting by Bozorgmehr Sharafedin Nouri, Michael Georgy, Aziz El Yaakoubi, Ahmad Ghaddar, Parisa Hafezi
REUTERS GRAPHICS


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