(task) PRO/EDR> Zika virus (23): Americas

> GRS USRS

4 cover

Zika

> ZIKA VIRUS (23): AMERICAS
> *************************
> A ProMED-mail post
> <http://www.promedmail.org <http://www.promedmail.org/>>
> ProMED-mail is a program of the
> International Society for Infectious Diseases
> <http://www.isid.org <http://www.isid.org/>>
>
> In this update:
> [1] WHO overview
> [2] Cases in various countries:
> Americas
> Central America
> ---
> Belize
>
> South America
> ---
> Colombia:
> - Microcephaly
> - Cases
> Peru (Lima)
>
> Imported cases with no possibility of ongoing mosquito transmission
> ---
> Canada (Manitoba province)
> Canary Islands
> Chile (mainland)
>
> USA:
> - Case numbers mainland
> - Territories and Commonwealth
>
> [3] Zika virus genetics
>
> ******
> [1] WHO overview
> Date: Thu 14 Apr 2016
> Source: WHO Situation Report [edited]
> <http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/205189/1/zikasitrep_14Apr2016_eng.pdf?ua=1 <http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/205189/1/zikasitrep_14Apr2016_eng.pdf?ua=1>>
>
>
> Summary
> -------
> From 1 Jan 2007 to 13 Apr 2016, Zika virus transmission was documented
> in a total of 64 countries and territories.
>
> Mosquitoborne transmission:
> - 42 countries have been experiencing a 1st outbreak of Zika virus
> since 2015, with no previous evidence of circulation, and with ongoing
> transmission by mosquitoes.
> - 7 countries have reported evidence of Zika virus transmission prior
> to 2015, with or without ongoing transmission or have reported an
> outbreak since 2015 that is now over.
>
> Person-to-person transmission:
> - 6 countries have now reported evidence of person-to-person
> transmission of Zika virus, other than mosquitoborne transmission
> (Argentina, Chile, France, Italy, New Zealand and the United States of
> America).
> - In the week to the 13 Apr [2016], 2 additional countries have
> reported mosquitoborne Zika virus transmission: Belize and Saint
> Lucia.
> - Microcephaly and other fetal malformations potentially associated
> with Zika virus infection or suggestive of congenital infection have
> been reported in 6 countries (Brazil, Cabo Verde, Colombia, French
> Polynesia, Martinique and Panama). 2 additional cases, each linked to
> a stay in Brazil, were detected in Slovenia and the USA.
> - In the context of Zika virus circulation, 13 countries and
> territories worldwide have reported an increased incidence of
> Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and/or laboratory confirmation of a
> Zika virus infection among GBS cases.
> - Based on a growing body of research, there is scientific consensus
> that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and GBS.
> - The global prevention and control strategy launched by the World
> Health Organization (WHO) as a Strategic Response Framework
> encompasses surveillance, response activities and research. This
> situation report is organized under those headings.
>
> --
> communicated by:
> ProMED-mail
> <promed@promedmail.org <mailto:promed@promedmail.org>>
>
> [The full report contains sections on surveillance including incidence
> of cases, microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome, with maps and
> tables. - Mod.TY]
>
> ******
> [2] Cases in various countries:
> Americas
>
> [Maps showing the location of the affected islands and countries in
> the Americas mentioned below can be accessed at
> <http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/images/maps/CHIK_Caribbean_Map-060214.jpg <http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/images/maps/CHIK_Caribbean_Map-060214.jpg>>
> and <http://healthmap.org/promed/p/35574 <http://healthmap.org/promed/p/35574>>;
> North America at <http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106 <http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106>>;
> Central America and the Caribbean at
> <http://healthmap.org/promed/p/39455 <http://healthmap.org/promed/p/39455>>;
> and South America at <http://healthmap.org/promed/p/6186 <http://healthmap.org/promed/p/6186>>. - Mod.TY]
>
> Central America
> ---
> Belize. 15 Apr 2016. (confirmed [conf]) 1 case acquired in the
> country, diagnosed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
> [CDC] on return to the USA.
> <http://outbreaknewstoday.com/local-transmission-of-zika-in-belize-very-likely-who-85921/ <http://outbreaknewstoday.com/local-transmission-of-zika-in-belize-very-likely-who-85921/>>
>
> South America
> ---
> Colombia:
> - Microcephaly. 14 Apr 2016. (conf) 1st detected in country are 2
> cases of microcephaly linked to Zika virus infection.
> <http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/world/americas/colombia-reports-first-cases-of-microcephaly-linked-to-zika-virus.html <http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/world/americas/colombia-reports-first-cases-of-microcephaly-linked-to-zika-virus.html>>
>
> [A C Jaramillo MD is thanked for bringing these cases to our
> attention. - Mod.TY]
>
> - Cases. 17 Apr 2016. (reported) 55 000 cases in 1st 3 months of 2016;
> Ro value 3-6 (1 infection spread to 3-6 new individuals).
> <http://thecitypaperbogota.com/news/zika-numbers-down-in-colombia-but-infections-still-rampant/12487 <http://thecitypaperbogota.com/news/zika-numbers-down-in-colombia-but-infections-still-rampant/12487>>
>
> Peru (Lima). 16 Apr 2016. (reported) 7 cases to date, the 7th case
> involves sexual transmission with the husband infected ex Monagas,
> Venezuela, the wife in Lima, virus detected in semen.
> <http://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/breaking-news/sexually-transmitted-zika-case-in-peru/news-story/542851f485d7976839aabbe413262463 <http://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/breaking-news/sexually-transmitted-zika-case-in-peru/news-story/542851f485d7976839aabbe413262463>>
>
> Countries with cases but no ongoing transmission
> ---
> Canada (Manitoba province). 15 Apr 2016. (conf) 2 cases ex countries
> with transmission; 1st cases in the province.
> <http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/zika-virus-manitoba-1.3537654 <http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/zika-virus-manitoba-1.3537654>>
>
> [A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map of Canada can be accessed at
> <http://healthmap.org/promed/p/261 <http://healthmap.org/promed/p/261>>. - Mod.TY]
>
> Canary Islands. 16 Apr 2016. (conf) 3 cases, all non-pregnant women,
> ex areas of transmission in the Americas; no vector mosquitoes
> present.
> <http://outbreaknewstoday.com/canary-islands-report-3rd-imported-zika-case-87563/ <http://outbreaknewstoday.com/canary-islands-report-3rd-imported-zika-case-87563/>>
>
> [A map showing the location of the Canary Islands can be accessed at
> <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/canary.htm <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/canary.htm>>. -
> Mod.TY]
>
> Chile (mainland). 15 Apr 2016. (suspected [susp]) 2 cases, 1 of whom
> contracted outside of Chile, the other, a sexual partner of the 1st
> case, who did not travel, developed a disease compatible with Zika
> virus infection.
> <http://www.who.int/csr/don/15-april-2016-zika-chile/en/ <http://www.who.int/csr/don/15-april-2016-zika-chile/en/>>
>
> [report provided by ProMED-mail rapporteur Marianne Hopp. Mainland
> Chile does not have Zika virus vector mosquitoes. Assuming that these
> unconfirmed cases really are due to Zika virus infection, sexual
> transmission probably occurred. - Mod.TY]
>
> --
> communicated by:
> ProMED-mail
> <promed@promedmail.org <mailto:promed@promedmail.org>>
>
> ******
> [3] Zika virus genetics
> Date: Fri 15 Apr 2016
> Source: UCLA Health [edited]
> <https://www.uclahealth.org/news/ucla-scientists-unravel-the-genetic-evolution-of-zika-virus <https://www.uclahealth.org/news/ucla-scientists-unravel-the-genetic-evolution-of-zika-virus>>
>
>
> How does a formerly innocuous and obscure virus like Zika transform
> itself into a feared pathogen inflicting a devastating impact on
> global health? A new UCLA [University of California, Los Angeles]
> study suggests that the virus possesses the ability to mutate rapidly,
> allowing the current outbreak to spread swiftly around the world. The
> Cell Press journal, Cell Host & Microbe, published the findings today
> in its advance online edition.
>
> "The Zika virus has undergone significant genetic changes in the past
> 70 years," explained senior author Genhong Cheng, a professor of
> microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics at the David Geffen
> School of Medicine at UCLA. "By tracing its genetic mutations, we
> aimed to understand how the virus is transmitted from person to person
> and how it causes different types of disease."
>
> First isolated in 1947, the Zika virus only sporadically caused
> disease in Africa and Asia until the 2007 Micronesia and 2013 French
> Polynesia outbreaks. Scientists previously believed that infection was
> spread solely by mosquitoes and caused only mild illnesses. The latest
> epidemic has linked the virus to fetal brain-development disorders and
> Guillain-Barré syndrome. New modes of transmission, including
> infection through sexual contact and from mother to fetus, have also
> surfaced.
>
> "We don't know why Zika infection was not associated with serious
> human disease, especially in newborns, until recently," said co-author
> Dr Stephanie Valderramos, a fellow in obstetrics-gynecology at the
> Geffen School. "We hoped that taking a closer look at the virus'
> genetic changes over time would reveal clues to this mystery."
>
> Cheng's laboratory collaborated with researchers at the Chinese
> Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College in
> Beijing to compare individual genetic differences among 41 strains of
> Zika virus; 30 strains originated from humans, 10 from mosquitoes and
> one from monkeys. In sequencing the virus, the team identified
> substantial DNA changes between the strains, showing a major split
> between the Asian and African lineages, as well as the human and
> mosquito versions. "We suspect these mutations could help the virus
> replicate more efficiently, evade the body's immune response or invade
> new tissues that provide a safe harbor for it to spread," said
> co-author Lulan Wang, a graduate student researcher in Cheng's
> laboratory.
>
> Additional study findings include:
>
> - All contemporary human Zika strains share a genetic sequence more
> similar to the 1966 Malaysian strain than the 1968 Nigerian strain.
> This implies the strains causing the current human outbreak evolved
> from the Asian lineage.
>
> - All human strains in the current epidemic resemble the 2013 French
> Polynesian strain more closely than the 2007 Micronesia strain,
> suggesting that the 2 strains evolved from a common viral ancestor.
>
> - A key viral protein varied the most between the Asian human strain
> and the African mosquito strain, indicating a possible structural
> change in the virus.
>
> Cheng and his colleagues' next step will be to analyze the viral
> strains causing the current epidemic and look for genetic targets for
> drug and vaccine development. "Our results have raised new questions
> about the evolution of the Zika virus, and highlight that a lot more
> research is needed to understand the relationship between the virus
> and human disease," Cheng said.
>
> --
> communicated by:
> ProMED-mail from HealthMap Alerts
> <promed@promedmail.org <mailto:promed@promedmail.org>>
>
> [Mutations raise 2 important questions: (1) Do they affect
> pathogenesis as suggested by these authors? Experimental proof would
> require a laboratory animal model. (2) Do these mutations affect
> transmission by providing long duration and high magnitude viremias in
> humans, providing infectious blood meals for vector mosquitoes, and is
> vector efficiency increased? One hopes that additional work will
> provide answers to these questions. - Mod.TY]
>
> [See Also:
> Zika virus (22): sexual transmission
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160416.4162854 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160416.4162854>
> Zika virus (20): Americas, Pacific, Asia, Europe
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160414.4160595 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160414.4160595>
> Zika virus (19): Americas http://promedmail.org/post/20160411.4152933 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160411.4152933>
> Zika virus (18): Americas http://promedmail.org/post/20160402.4134955 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160402.4134955>
> Zika virus (17): Americas, Pacific
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160401.4129524 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160401.4129524>
> Zika virus (16): Americas, Asia, Pacific, Atlantic
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160325.4118019 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160325.4118019>
> Zika virus (15): Americas http://promedmail.org/post/20160321.4109160 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160321.4109160>
> Zika virus (14): Americas, Europe, Atlantic Ocean
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160317.4102468 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160317.4102468>
> Zika virus (13): Americas, Asia, Europe, Pacific
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160311.4086075 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160311.4086075>
> Zika virus (12): Brazil, microcephaly
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160305.4070601 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160305.4070601>
> Zika virus (11): Americas, Europe, Asia
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160301.4059896 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160301.4059896>
> Zika virus (10): Americas, Asia, Europe, Pacific
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160229.4058161 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160229.4058161>
> Zika virus (09): Americas, Africa, Europe, Pacific
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160223.4042828 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160223.4042828>
> Zika virus (08): Americas, Asia, Europe, Pacific
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160217.4026836 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160217.4026836>
> Zika virus (07): update http://promedmail.org/post/20160216.4023810
> ProMED-mail <http://promedmail.org/post/20160216.4023810ProMED-mail> endorses sharing of Zika virus data
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160211.4012212 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160211.4012212>
> Zika virus (06): overview http://promedmail.org/post/20160209.4007411 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160209.4007411>
> Zika virus (05): Americas, Asia, Pacific
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160203.3990632 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160203.3990632>
> Zika virus (04): WHO declares worldwide PHEIC
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160201.3985366 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160201.3985366>
> Zika virus (03): Americas, Asia
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160128.3974426 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160128.3974426>
> Zika virus - Americas (02)
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160111.3925377 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160111.3925377>
> Zika virus - Americas (01)
> http://promedmail.org/post/20160108.3921447 <http://promedmail.org/post/20160108.3921447>]
> .................................................sb/dk/sh/ty/je/sh
> *##########################################################*
> ************************************************************
> ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that
> are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the
> information, and of any statements or opinions based
> thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in
> using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID
> and its associated service providers shall not be held
> responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any
> damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted
> or archived material.
> ************************************************************
> Donate to ProMED-mail. Details available at:
> <http://www.isid.org/donate/ <http://www.isid.org/donate/>>
> ************************************************************
> Visit ProMED-mail's web site at <http://www.promedmail.org <http://www.promedmail.org/>>.
> Send all items for posting to: promed@promedmail.org <mailto:promed@promedmail.org> (NOT to
> an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name
> name and affiliation, it may not be posted. You may unsub-
> scribe at <http://ww4.isid.org/promedmail/subscribe.php <http://ww4.isid.org/promedmail/subscribe.php>>.
> For assistance from a human being, send mail to:
> <postmaster@promedmail.org <mailto:postmaster@promedmail.org>>.
> ############################################################
> ############################################################
>
> List-Unsubscribe: http://ww4.isid.org/promedmail/subscribe.php <http://ww4.isid.org/promedmail/subscribe.php>
>
>
>
> --
> Chanelle Latouche Gutari, RN, BA, MPH
> Certificate - Emergency Management and Public Health
> PhD Student Engineering Management and Systems Engineering
> Crisis, Emergency & Risk Management
> The George Washington University
> clgutari@gwu.edu <mailto:clgutari@gwu.edu>
> Cell: 301.512.9071